>>> 38. As noted earlier in paragraphs 13 and 20, concerning the content of political discourse, the Committee has observed that in circumstances of public debate concerning public figures in the political domain and public institutions, the value placed by the Covenant upon uninhibited expression is particularly high. Thus, the mere fact that forms of expression are considered to be insulting to a public figure is not sufficient to justify the imposition of penalties, albeit public figures may also benefit from the provisions of the Covenant. Moreover, all public figures, including those exercising the highest political authority such as heads of state and government, are legitimately subject to criticism and political opposition. **Accordingly, the Committee expresses concern regarding laws on such matters as, lese majesty, desacato, disrespect for authority, disrespect for flags and symbols, defamation of the head of state and the protection of the honour of public officials**, and laws should not provide for more severe penalties solely on the basis of the identity of the person that may have been impugned. States parties should not prohibit criticism of institutions, such as the army or the administration.
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＞【Grok】
＞**該当する条文は、自由権規約委員会の「一般的意見第34号」（CCPR/C/GC/34）第38項です。**
### 該当部分（原文の抜粋）
>>> 38. As noted earlier in paragraphs 13 and 20, concerning the content of political discourse, the Committee has observed that in circumstances of public debate concerning public figures in the political domain and public institutions, the value placed by the Covenant upon uninhibited expression is particularly high. Thus, the mere fact that forms of expression are considered to be insulting to a public figure is not sufficient to justify the imposition of penalties, albeit public figures may also benefit from the provisions of the Covenant. Moreover, all public figures, including those exercising the highest political authority such as heads of state and government, are legitimately subject to criticism and political opposition. **Accordingly, the Committee expresses concern regarding laws on such matters as, lese majesty, desacato, disrespect for authority, disrespect for flags and symbols, defamation of the head of state and the protection of the honour of public officials**, and laws should not provide for more severe penalties solely on the basis of the identity of the person that may have been impugned. States parties should not prohibit criticism of institutions, such as the army or the administration.
＞（日本語訳の参考：民主主義社会における政治的言論の文脈で、国旗やシンボルに対する不敬などを処罰する法律に対し、委員会は明確な懸念を表明している、という内容です。）
https://gyazo.com/8c5778f98cd910c59e5629946b1b2e3f
＞### 背景
＞- この一般的意見は、**ICCPR第19条（意見・表現の自由）**の解釈基準を示すものです。
＞- 第38項は、特に**政治的言論**の保護を強調し、民主主義社会における「uninhibited expression（抑制されない表現）」の重要性を指摘した上で、こうした不敬罪的な法律が表現の自由を過度に制限する可能性に懸念を表明しています。
＞公式文書はOHCHRのサイトなどで全文（PDF）が入手可能です（例: https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf）。必要に応じて全文を確認してください。
https://gyazo.com/be50a45967ca3362040b0d40d4019754